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| Version | User | Scope of changes |
|---|---|---|
| Sep 25 2007, 10:54 AM EDT (current) | anniesherburne | |
| Sep 25 2007, 10:51 AM EDT | anniesherburne | 1 word added, 1 word deleted |
Changes
Key: Additions Deletions
Accessories(Zips buttons etc.)
Additions to clothes would include fastenings and embellishments. Nylon or metal zips, Buttons can be made of plastic, cellulose, acetate, shell, tagua, wood. Sequins, beads, Manufacture of which is various and should be assessed using a lifecycle analysis. Some materials are more obviously environmentally friendly, and consideration of alternative ways of fastening should be made by the eco-conscious designer.
Acetate
Regenerated fibre made from wood pulp (http://www.ridgewellpress.co.uk/)
Acid dye for wool
Milling acid dyes are quite fast Many acid dyes are synthesised from chemical intermediates which form anthraquinone-like structures as their final state. Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibres such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibres using neutral to acid dyebaths. Attachment to the fibre is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fibre. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibres. (wik)
Acid dyes for Nylon
Acid dyes are compatible for dying nylon. Although fibre reactive dyes do not dye nylon, they will work if acid is added, then they work like acid dyes. <www.pburch.net > 5.5.07 [online]
Acid Rain
‘Where industrial pollutants (mainly sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) mix with naturally occurring oxygen and water vapour and fall as corrosive rain’ (Antron.net)
Acrylic
A fibre made from acrylonitrile. ( www.ridgwellpress.co.uk ) Brand-name ‘Dralon’
Adaptive reuse
Using a building or a site for purposes other than the original intention.(AN) A kind of architectural recycling. Adaptive reuse could be applied to other design areas as a model.
Adaptive fabrics
Fabrics which adapt to needs whilst in use, for example breathable fabrics. Using biominetic models ( www.bath.ac.uk/mech-eng//biominetics )
Aerobic Treatment
Organic compounds are broken down by microbial action in the presence of oxygen. (AN)
Agenda 21
(AFL) Blueprint for global action, signed by 172 governments at Rio Earth Summit in 1992.Used as a model for local action by local governments seeking guidance.
Alginates
Alginates are made of soft non-woven fibres derived from seaweed. They are usually in the forms of pads, ropes or ribbons. dry they are lightweight, but absorb many times their weight.
Alginates absorb wound exudate and form a gel-like covering over the wound,
maintaining a moist wound environment. < www.medicaledu.com > 5.5.07. [online]
Alkaline
(Compounds with pH greater than 7) that dissolve in water. High concentrations
are caustic, causing chemical burns. < wikipedia.org > 5.5.07 [online]
Alkyl benzene sulfonates or ABS
See synthetic surfactants ( www.seventhgen.com )
Alkyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanols
See synthetic surfactants ( www.seventhgen.com )
Alpaca
A member of the cameltid species, Alpaca originate from South America. Their fine, soft fur is shorn only once a year and is of premium quality. It needs to be blended for strength with another suitable fibre such as Bluefaced leicester. Alpaca have integrated well into UK farming livestock. They come in many beautiful colours and therefore give a wide variety of shades for spinning into different coloured yarns which therefore do not need to be dyed.
Alternative Energy Source
Alternatives to conventional mass usage of fossil fuels. these include wind, water, solar, heat exchange, bio fuels, geothermal, ethanol, gas from landfills. (AN)
Alternative Fibres
Are used in times of shortage, and are usually what is available locally. In the UK,
nettles could be used like linen or hemp. Other raw materials include paper,
banana, and coconut. (Eco-design volume 5 no 1 Kate Fletcher, Alternative fibres)
Amine Oxide
Solvent in which wood pulp cellulose is dissolved to make Viscose (Lyocell / Tencel) www.bolton.ac.uk
Amylase
Anenzyme that breaks down starch. For removing size in textile
processes.( http://www.novozymes.com/ ) Used in dish washing detergent to remove starch residues. (wik)
Anaerobic Treatment
A descriptive term for a process such as fermentation th`at can only happen in the absence of oxygen. Also living things that can only survive without oxygen. (www.answers.com)
For municipal wastewater treatment, it is the most cost effective and environmentally sound way to stabilise sewage sludge. The volume of waste is reduced, and it creates its own energy in the form of methane which can fuel the whole process. (www.rpi.edu)
Aniline dyes
Toxic if inhaled
Anti-microbial
Capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of micro-organisms. (e.g. anti-microbial drugs are used to fight infections caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses.) Pasteur and Joubert saw that one type of bacteria could prevent the growth of another.
(www.textilesintelligence.com )- Antimicrobials combat odour-producing underarm and personal bacteria and reduce skin infections caused by fungi. They are used in sportswear, underwear and in protective clothing to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria in hospitals. They could also be used to reduce the need for excessive laundering without compromising hygiene. Laundering contributes 80% of the environmental impact in the Lifecycle analysis of textiles.
APEOs
Toxic . Alkyle phenol Ethoxylates. Used to scour wool.
Artificial colour
Many are petroleum based, do not biodegrade, are toxic and allergenic to skin and
eyes (www.seventhgen.com )
Artificial Fragrance
Many are petroleum or coal based, do not biodegrade, are toxic and allergenic to skin and eyes (seventhgen.comMany are petroleum or coal based, do not biodegrade, are toxic and allergenic to skin and eyes (seventhgen.com)
Avoidance
(AFL) Don’t use materials or processes which are harmful to health or eco-systems. In Cradle to Cradle, The most poisonous substances are only ever to be used in a cost benefit analysis, where they are used only essential processes which would be impossible without them.
Azo Dyes
Azo dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble azoic dye is produced directly onto or within the fibre. This is achieved by treating a fibre with both diazoic and coupling components. With suitable adjustment of dyebath conditions the two
components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final colour is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components. < ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye > 7.5.07 [online]
Generally held to be dangerous, particularly in coloration of leather where they are not environmentally acceptable
Additions to clothes would include fastenings and embellishments. Nylon or metal zips, Buttons can be made of plastic, cellulose, acetate, shell, tagua, wood. Sequins, beads, Manufacture of which is various and should be assessed using a lifecycle analysis. Some materials are more obviously environmentally friendly, and consideration of alternative ways of fastening should be made by the eco-conscious designer.
Acetate
Regenerated fibre made from wood pulp (http://www.ridgewellpress.co.uk/)
Acid dye for wool
Milling acid dyes are quite fast Many acid dyes are synthesised from chemical intermediates which form anthraquinone-like structures as their final state. Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibres such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibres using neutral to acid dyebaths. Attachment to the fibre is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fibre. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibres. (wik)
Acid dyes for Nylon
Acid dyes are compatible for dying nylon. Although fibre reactive dyes do not dye nylon, they will work if acid is added, then they work like acid dyes. <www.pburch.net > 5.5.07 [online]
Acid Rain
‘Where industrial pollutants (mainly sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) mix with naturally occurring oxygen and water vapour and fall as corrosive rain’ (Antron.net)
Acrylic
A fibre made from acrylonitrile. ( www.ridgwellpress.co.uk ) Brand-name ‘Dralon’
Adaptive reuse
Using a building or a site for purposes other than the original intention.(AN) A kind of architectural recycling. Adaptive reuse could be applied to other design areas as a model.
Adaptive fabrics
Fabrics which adapt to needs whilst in use, for example breathable fabrics. Using biominetic models ( www.bath.ac.uk/mech-eng//biominetics )
Aerobic Treatment
Organic compounds are broken down by microbial action in the presence of oxygen. (AN)
Agenda 21
(AFL) Blueprint for global action, signed by 172 governments at Rio Earth Summit in 1992.Used as a model for local action by local governments seeking guidance.
Alginates
Alginates are made of soft non-woven fibres derived from seaweed. They are usually in the forms of pads, ropes or ribbons. dry they are lightweight, but absorb many times their weight.
Alginates absorb wound exudate and form a gel-like covering over the wound,
maintaining a moist wound environment. < www.medicaledu.com > 5.5.07. [online]
Alkaline
(Compounds with pH greater than 7) that dissolve in water. High concentrations
are caustic, causing chemical burns. < wikipedia.org > 5.5.07 [online]
Alkyl benzene sulfonates or ABS
See synthetic surfactants ( www.seventhgen.com )
Alkyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanols
See synthetic surfactants ( www.seventhgen.com )
Alpaca
A member of the cameltid species, Alpaca originate from South America. Their fine, soft fur is shorn only once a year and is of premium quality. It needs to be blended for strength with another suitable fibre such as Bluefaced leicester. Alpaca have integrated well into UK farming livestock. They come in many beautiful colours and therefore give a wide variety of shades for spinning into different coloured yarns which therefore do not need to be dyed.
Alternative Energy Source
Alternatives to conventional mass usage of fossil fuels. these include wind, water, solar, heat exchange, bio fuels, geothermal, ethanol, gas from landfills. (AN)
Alternative Fibres
Are used in times of shortage, and are usually what is available locally. In the UK,
nettles could be used like linen or hemp. Other raw materials include paper,
banana, and coconut. (Eco-design volume 5 no 1 Kate Fletcher, Alternative fibres)
Amine Oxide
Solvent in which wood pulp cellulose is dissolved to make Viscose (Lyocell / Tencel) www.bolton.ac.uk
Amylase
Anenzyme that breaks down starch. For removing size in textile
processes.( http://www.novozymes.com/ ) Used in dish washing detergent to remove starch residues. (wik)
Anaerobic Treatment
A descriptive term for a process such as fermentation th`at can only happen in the absence of oxygen. Also living things that can only survive without oxygen. (www.answers.com)
For municipal wastewater treatment, it is the most cost effective and environmentally sound way to stabilise sewage sludge. The volume of waste is reduced, and it creates its own energy in the form of methane which can fuel the whole process. (www.rpi.edu)
Aniline dyes
Toxic if inhaled
Anti-microbial
Capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of micro-organisms. (e.g. anti-microbial drugs are used to fight infections caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses.) Pasteur and Joubert saw that one type of bacteria could prevent the growth of another.
(www.textilesintelligence.com )- Antimicrobials combat odour-producing underarm and personal bacteria and reduce skin infections caused by fungi. They are used in sportswear, underwear and in protective clothing to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria in hospitals. They could also be used to reduce the need for excessive laundering without compromising hygiene. Laundering contributes 80% of the environmental impact in the Lifecycle analysis of textiles.
APEOs
Toxic . Alkyle phenol Ethoxylates. Used to scour wool.
Artificial colour
Many are petroleum based, do not biodegrade, are toxic and allergenic to skin and
eyes (www.seventhgen.com )
Artificial Fragrance
Many are petroleum or coal based, do not biodegrade, are toxic and allergenic to skin and eyes (seventhgen.comMany are petroleum or coal based, do not biodegrade, are toxic and allergenic to skin and eyes (seventhgen.com)
Avoidance
(AFL) Don’t use materials or processes which are harmful to health or eco-systems. In Cradle to Cradle, The most poisonous substances are only ever to be used in a cost benefit analysis, where they are used only essential processes which would be impossible without them.
Azo Dyes
Azo dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble azoic dye is produced directly onto or within the fibre. This is achieved by treating a fibre with both diazoic and coupling components. With suitable adjustment of dyebath conditions the two
components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final colour is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components. < ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye > 7.5.07 [online]
Generally held to be dangerous, particularly in coloration of leather where they are not environmentally acceptable
